Components

This list is by far not complete, and since I play the German version of Throne of Darkness, many names will be incorrect. Elements in blue are found in the second part of the game only. Some of them I have found only in already enchanted items.

Cho-gokin Ore
Incr. AC
Coral
Fire 1–3
Water 1–3
Debu Blubber
+5 STR
5% Health Leech
10% Knockback
Flying Serpent Scales
10% to all resistances
Gaki Bones
Inc. AC
Hair Pin
5% Health Leech
Hemp
Renders items indestructible. There is exactly one piece of hemp in the game, somewhere in the Toyotoma wilderness. It is best used on a bow or throwing weapon, since these are most subject to decay.
Jade
Gen. Res. 3%
Kappa Blood
+5 ST
+5 VIT
Kappa Claw
+5 ST
5% Knockback
Kappa Shell
Incr. AC
Incr. Dur.
+5% Fire
+10% Water
–10% Lightning
Oni Bones
+5 VIT
Incr. Dur
Oni Claw
+5 ST
Earth Damage
Oni Slime
+5% Fire
+5% Earth
Oni Teeth
5% Health Leech
Scorpion Sting
Poison Damage 1
Pearl
8% Freeze
Spiderweb
Incr. Dur
5% Gen. Res.
Tengu Feathers
+5 DEX
Yama-Inu Pelt
AC 150
+5% Water Res
+5% Earth Res
Yama-Inu Blood
+5 KI
5% Magic Leech

Soul Shards

Their benefits are usually weak, but they have the advantage of taking up only one magic slot.

Blue
5 Health points
Gold
15% Extra gold
Green
Earth Damage 1–3
Purple
+5% Weapon skill
Red
5 Ki points

Buddha

There are four unique gems called the Patience, Soul, Tear, and Blood of Buddha. You get one from each wizard in the outer citadels. They take up only one magic slot and enhance resistance for the element they are related to by 25%.

If you have the patch 1.2.18 installed, which introduced elemental combinations, and you put all four Buddha components into one armor, it will give you 90% resistance for all elements, 20% magic leech, and +50 to Ki.